Micro concrete is a flowable mortar for repairs to damaged reinforced concrete members. The quantity of aggregate which can be incorporated may be limited by the method of placing. If a simple pouring technique is used, 10mm aggregate may form 50% of the total, dry materials, but if pumping is preferred the aggregate size and quantity will need to be reduced to suit the limitations of the pump.

When the repair section exists in only one plane, i.e. a simple vertical section, it is sufficient to pour the material in from the top of the shutter, it will not suffer the severe segregation which occurs with normal concretes.

Micro concrete is the combination of cement, prime quality stratified fine mixture, shrinkage compensating agents, and dispersion agents in powder type marketed as a dry powder in packets by construction chemical firms. this can be to be mixed with a planned quantity of water betting on the consistency sought-after – flowable or pourable. Applied as repair mortar or to fill the crevices that can not be done by standard concrete.

Micro concrete could be a dry prepared combine building material based mostly composition developed primarily for employed in repairs works once the concrete is broken and also space is restricted in movement thanks to that there’s a drawback in putting concrete. small concrete is in dry powder from supplemental with clean water on the positioning and it’s a decent quality cement.

SUPERFICIAL MICRO CONCRETE IN VERTICAL SECTION

If the repair is more than 1.5 m wide it is advisable to have two pouring points being fed simultaneously. is also necessary to consider venting the top of the cavity if it is enclosed. Fig. shows the placing of superficial micro concrete in a vertical section.

SUPERFICIAL MICRO CONCRETE IN SOFFIT

If repair is to a soffit the supply arrangements will be quite different. If the soffit is to a moderately thin Slab, it may be possible to drill feed holes and vent holes right through the slab. If the area exceeds 1.5 m2 it would be wise to have a second feed hole.

The material should not be poured directly down the holes but through a loose-fitting PVC pipe, a rainwater pipe says 50 mm or larger, extending 0.5 m above the top of the void as shown in Fig.

PROPERTIES OF MICRO CONCRETE

• Can be pumped or poured into restricted locations.
• Flowable mortar hence does not. require compaction.
• Gaseous expansion system compensates for shrinkage and settlement in the plastic state.
• Develops high initial and ultimate final strengths.
• Offers excellent resistance to moisture ingress.
• Can be applied at 100 mm thickness at one stroke.

APPLICATION OF MICRO CONCRETE

• Repair of structural elements like a beam, column, slab where there is no compaction space available.
• For column jacketing

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1.Location

As they are saying, in property, its location, location and placement. the largest think about land valuation is that the location of land. Land in AN populated area is dearer than rural land, price of land in central city is on top of the land in outskirts.

2.Usage

A commercial land is a lot of valuable than residential or industrial land. Similarly, residential and industrial lands square measure a lot of valuable than agricultural land. Hence, it’s necessary to work out the usage of land to guage its value.

3.Size

Smaller residential plot sizes typically fetch higher per unit rate as compared to larger plots owing to affordability reasons. However, if the land may be used for industrial or business functions, larger plot sizes might command a premium.

4.Shape

Generally, sq. or rectangular plots square measure most well-liked over irregular shapes. Hence, regular formed plots of land command higher costs.

5.Level

If the extent of land is on top of the adjacent road, it’ll be troublesome to get water & evacuation lines. additional earth has got to be excavated to form the plot at cheap level. Similarly, if the land is significantly under the road level, substantial price are going to be incurred in land filling. whereas valuing a chunk of land, you must confine mind all such levelling prices.

6.Come back Frontage

A plot with multiple frontages commands premium over a plot with single frontage. For eg. a corner plot or a 3 facet open plot are going to be priced on top of a plot with just one facet receptive road.

7.Accessibility

The value of land conjointly depends on its accessibility. If a plot of land is land barred or if the slip road isn’t wide enough, it’ll fetch abundant lower costs.

8.Floor house Index (FSI)

This factor is very important in the valuation of land. The floor house Index is that the magnitude relation of designed up space to the realm of land. the worth of land conjointly depends on FSI or in alternative words on the entire floor space of the building that may be designed on the plot.

9.Infrastructure & Development

The infrastructure & development within the neighborhood of land have direct concerning costs. A well-developed space that has faculties, hospitals, wide roads, metro, 24X7 water system & power can naturally fetch higher costs.

10.Nature of Soil

The bearing capability of soil conjointly affects the land valuation. If the soil bearing capability is nice, price of foundation are going to be cheap. However, the value of foundation will go up considerably if the soil bearing capability is poor. Hence, land with sensible soil bearing capability are going to be priced higher.

11.Vastu

Many people in Republic of India believe Vastu Shastra. North facing and East facing plots command premium over West facing and South facing plots.

VALUATION OF LAND

valuation of land may be done by any one of the following three methods.

1. Comparative method.  

This is the simplest and most direct method of valuation. The value is fixed by direct comparison. This method is based on the instances of other sales of similar Lands in the neighborhood.  

The following factors are effecting in this method of valuation of land:

(a) Sale prices should be recent so that there is no rise in value of land during the intervening period.

 (b) This method is based on comparison but properties are always unique so that some adjustments may be required to arrive at the proper value.

This method is based on the fact that the valuation of land has a great bearing on its road frontage. Frontage land has greater value than back land. In this method, the plot is divided into three belts by lines running parallel to the centerline of the road

2. Belting method of valuation

The width of the front belt is judicially ascertained. Then a relationship regarding the value and depth of each bell to the front belt is fixed up. The rate/sq m of the land of the first belt is fixed up and the rate for the other belts worked out correspondingly.

Below video shows methods of valuation of land…

Multiplying the area of each belt with its value and summing all the values will yield the value of plot TBR. SBR and FBR are the recessed lands of the III, II and I belts respectively. Those land will be having a slightly lesser value than the other land in their respective belts.

3. Hypothetical building scheme

In this method, the value of a vacant plot of land is estimated by capitalizing the assumed net income that may be obtained from a building, which can be erected on the landless expenditure for development.

VALUATION OF PROPERTIES

 Valuation of a property may be prepared by different methods like…

(a) Rental method of valuation 

(b) Land and building method of valuation

(c) Direct comparison method of valuation

(d) Project based valuation

(e) Development method of valuation 

the appropriate method of valuation depends on the nature of the property as well as the availability of reliable data. In valuation, it is customary to check one method by another method.

1. Rental method of valuation

In this method, the net rental income is calculated after deduction of all outgoings from the gross rent, and the year’s purchase is calculated after adopting the current bank interest. Then validation of a property is worked out by multiplying the net rental income by the year’s purchase.

Net rent = gross rent – outgoings 

Capitalised value=net rent x years purchase 

When the rent has been proved and is likely to be maintained for many years to come, then the rental method of valuation is most suitable for determining the value of the property. This method is very suitable for a property with a new building. 

The main disadvantage of this method is : 

1. If the actual rent is not fair rent, then it cannot be relied upon.
2. A Property of land and building valued together cannot be proportioned later.
3. The calculation of outgoings is often different.

2. Land and Building method of valuation

The main principle of this method is to determine the individual market value of land and the depreciated value of buildings. The sum of these two figures gives the value of the property.

The method is most suitable for properties which are used for special purposes like schools, police stations or which perform non-profitable community function where there is no evidence of income variation. Valuation of under-developed, owner-occupied, or vacant possession properties may also be done by this method.

The value of the land may be determined by any of the three methods already discussed. The value of the building is done by deducting the depreciation from the prime cost of the building.

3. Direct comparison method. 

In this method, the valuation of a property is done by direct comparison with the capitalized value of a few adjoining properties. This method is suitable when the particulars of sale of a few adjoining properties are available. The properties to which the comparison is made should be similar, transactions are to be new and normal and all the details available.

The method is suitable where it is not possible to know the fair rent like owner-occupied properties, as well as schools, clubs and out homes, etc.

 4. Profit based valuation

This method is similar to the rental method. In this method, the net income from the property is ascertained by deducting all the outgoings from the gross income. The year’s purchase is calculated from the interest offered by banks. The product of the net income and the year’s purchase gives the capitalized value of the property. This method is suitable for the valuation of hotels, shops, cinemas, etc.

Net income = Gross income- outgoings

Capitalised value = Net income x Year’s purchase 

5. Development method of valuation

This method is useful for the valuation of the undeveloped or underdeveloped property. The valuation is done under the assumption that the property is to developed and sold off at a much higher price than the price of the underdeveloped property. In this method, the value of the property is arrived at by deducting from, the value of the proper after development, all the outgoings like development cost, supervision charges, developer profit, etc.

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What Is Cross Drainage Work?

A cross drainage work is a structure constructed for carrying a canal across a natural drain or river intercepting the canal.

In order to minimize the number of cross drainage works, canals are generally aligned on a watershed so that they intercept a minimum number of natural drains. However, a canal taking off from a river requires a certain distance before it can mount the watershed. Once the canal is taken to the watershed, no cross drainage works are normally required. However, when the canal is aligned as a contour canal, a number of cross drainage works are necessary.

A cross drainage work is an expensive structure and should be avoided as far as possible. The number of cross drainage works can be reduced by

(i) Changing the alignment of the canal.
(ii) Diverting small drainages into large drainages.

Types of cross drainage works

Depending upon the relative bed levels and discharges, types of cross drainage works are given below.

(A) Cross Drainage Works Carrying Canal Over The Natural Drain :

1. Aqueduct
2. Syphon Aqueduct

(B) Cross Drainage Works Carrying The Natural Drain Over The Canal :

1. Super Passage
2. Canal Syphon

(C) Cross Drainage Works Admitting The Drain Water Into The Canal :

1. Level Crossing
2. Inlets And Outlets

Lets Discuss step by step all types of cross drainage works which are widely used in India.

(A) CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS CARRYING THE CANAL OVER THE NATURAL DRAIN :

In these types of cross drainage works, the canal is carried over the natural drain. The advantage of such an arrangement is that the canal running perennially is above the ground level and is open to inspection. Also, the damage due to floods is rare.

The structures that fall under this type are :

1. Aqueduct
2. Syphon aqueduct

1. Aqueduct :

An aqueduct is a structure in which the canal flows over the drain (i.e. river) and the bed of the canal is well above the H.F.L. of the drain. The canal water is taken across the drain in a trough supported on piers.

The drain water flows under the canal such that there is sufficient headway available between the H.F.L. of the drain and underside of the canal trough. The drain water flows at atmospheric pressure under the canal.

2. Syphon Aqueduct :

A syphon aqueduct is also a structure in which the canal flows over the drain (i.e. river) but the H.F.L. of the drain is higher than the canal bed. The drain water flows under syphonic action through the aqueduct barrels.

When sufficient level difference is not available between the canal bed and the H.F.L. of the drain to pass the drainage water, the bed of the drainage may be depressed below its normal bed level.

The drain is provided with an impervious floor at the crossing and thus a barrel is formed between the piers to pass the drainage water under pressure. These barrels actually form an inverted syphon and not syphon.

Classification of aqueducts and syphon aqueducts :

Depending upon the nature of the sides, aqueducts or siphon aqueducts are classified as under :

TYPE I :

In this type, the sides of the aqueduct (or siphon aqueduct) are in earthen banks with complete earthen slopes. The original canal section is retained and no flaming is done.

TYPE II :

In this type also the canal continues in its earthen section over the drain, but the outer slopes of the earthen banks are replaced by retaining walls, thereby reducing the length of the barrels to that extent.

TYPE III :

In this type, the earthen banks are not provided through the. aqueduct, fuming is done, and canal water is carried in a concrete trough. The sides of the trough are connected on either side of the work to earthen banks of the canal through wing walls. Thus in this case the length of. drain barrels are reduced.

(B) CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS CARRYING THE NATURAL DRAIN OVER THE CANAL :

In these types of cross drainage works the natural drain Is carried over the canal. The advantage of this type is that the C.D. works themselves are less liable to damage than the earthwork of the canal.

The major disadvantage of this work is that the perennial canal is not open to inspection. Also, if the silt is deposited in the barrels of the work, it is difficult to clear it out.

The structures that fall under this type are :

1. Super Passage
2. Canal Syphon

1.Super Passage :

A super passage is just like an aqueduct, except that in this case, the drain is over the canal. The F.S.L. of the canal is lower than the underside of the drain trough. Thus, the canal water runs under gravity.

The drain water is taken in a trough supported over the piers constructed on the bed of the canal.

2. Canal Syphon :

A canal syphon is constructed where the F.S.L. of the canal is higher than the bed level of the drain trough.

The canal water flows under syphonic action under the drain trough. The canal bed is lowered and a ramp is provided at the exit so that the trouble of silting is minimized.

(C) CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS ADMITTING THE DRAIN WATER INTO THE CANAL :

In these types of Cross drainage works the canal water and the drain water are allowed to intermingle with each other. The only advantage of this type of work is its low initial cost.

Such type of works have the following disadvantages :

1. Regulation of such work is difficult.
2. The faulty regulation of gates may damage the canal.
3. The canal has to be designed to carry the increased flood discharge of the drain.
4. There is an additional expenditure of silt clearance.

Followings are the structures under this type :

1. Level crossing
2. Inlet and outlets

1. Level Crossing :

A level crossing is provided when the canal and the drain are practically at the same level. In a level crossing the drain water is admitted into the canal at one bank and is taken out at the opposite bank.

A level crossing is consists of

1. A crest with its top at the F.S.L. of the canal across the drain at its upstream junction with the canal.
2. A regulator with quick falling shutters across the drain at its downstream junction with the canal
3. A cross regulator across the canal at its downstream junction with the drain.

When the drain is not carrying any water the drain regulator is closed and the cross regulator of the canal is kept fully open so that the canal flows without interruption. When the drain is carrying water, it spills over the crest into the canal and a corresponding discharge is passed through the drain regulator into the drain.

The supplies in the canal are controlled accurately by the canal regulator. This type of C.D. work is provided when a large canal crosses a large drain which carries a high discharge during floods.

2. Inlet And Outlets :

An inlet is an open cut or a pipe that is provided in a canal bank to admit drain water into the canal. A canal inlet is provided when cross drainage flow is small and its water may be absorbed into the canal without causing the appreciable rise.

However, if the canal is small, an outlet may be constructed to pass out the additional discharge which has entered the canal. Such an arrangement is called inlet and outlet. It is not necessary that the number of inlets and outlets should be the same. There may be one outlet for two or three inlets.

Selection of Suitable Types Of Cross Drainage Works :

The following factors should be considered while selecting the most suitable type of cross drainage work.

1. Relative levels and discharges :

The relative levels and discharges of the canal and of the drain largely affect the types of cross drainage works required.

The main outlines are :

1. If the canal bed level is sufficiently above the H.F.L. of the drain, an aqueduct is selected
2. If the H.F.L. of the drain is higher than the canal bed, a syphon aqueduct is provided.
3. If the F.S.L. (Full supply level) of the canal is lower than the underside of the drain trough, a super passage is provided.
4. If the F.S.L. of the canal is slightly above the bed level of the drain and the canal is of small size, a canal syphon is provided.
5. If the canal bed and the drain bed are almost at the same level, a level crossing is provided when the discharge in the drain is large, and an inlet-outlet is provided when the discharge in the drain is small.

2. Type of flow :

As far as possible, the structure having an open channel flow should be preferred to the structure having a pipe flow. Therefore, an aqueduct should be preferred to a syphon aqueduct and a
super passage should be preferred to a canal syphon.

3. Size of drain :

When the drain is of small size, a syphon aqueduct will be preferred to an aqueduct as the construction of an aqueduct involves high banks and long approaches. However, if the drain is of large size, an aqueduct is preferred.

4. Materials of construction :

A sufficient quantity of construction materials like sand, aggregate, gravel, boulders, earth, etc. should be available near the site for the type of C.D. work selected.

The soil in sufficient quantity should be available for constructing the canal banks if the C.D. structure requires long and high canal banks.

5. Foundation :

The types of Cross Drainage works should be selected depending upon the foundation available at the site of work.

6. Cost of earthwork :

The type of C. D. work which does not involve a large quantity of earthwork of the canal should be preferred.

7. Overall cost :

The overall cost of the C.D. work including the cost of construction, canal banks, maintenance, etc. should be a minimum.

8. Provision of road bridge :

An aqueduct is better than a super passage because, in the former, a road bridge can easily be provided along with the canal trough at a small additional cost, whereas in the latter, a separate road bridge is required.

9. Subsoil water table :

If the sub-soil water table is high, the types of cross – drainage which requires excessive excavation should be avoided, as it would involve dewatering problems.

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CONCRETE 3D PRINTER

Introduction To 3D Printing 

Three dimensional printing (3DP) is a manufacturing process that builds layers to create a three- dimensional solid object from a digital model. It allows for mass customization and complex shapes that cannot be produced in other ways, eliminates the need for tool production and its associated labour, and reduces waste stream. Because of these advantages, 3DP has been increasingly used in different areas. including medical, automotive, aerospace, construction, etc. 3D printing for civil structures can significantly reduce the construction time and cost.

However, unlike applications of 3DP in other areas, civil structures are typically large scale, with length or height spanning hundreds of meters. They are subjected to complex loadings, including gravity, wind, seismic, etc. Therefore, it is challenging to develop suitable printing tools and materials. As a result, 3DP of civil structures is still at a primitive stage.

Type of 3D Concrete Printing Technology

1.Contour crafting
2.Concrete printing
3.CON print 3D

 This Three are Extrusion based techniques 

Extrusion Based Technique:

The extrusion-based technique is analogous to the fussed deposition modelling (FDM) method which extrudes cementitious material from a nozzle mounted on a gantry, crane or a 6-axes robotic arm to print a structure layer by layer.

Extrusion Based Technique

This technique has been aimed at on-site construction applications such as large-scale building components with complex geometries, and has a great potential to make a significant and positive contribution to the construction industry. A schematic of the extrusion based technique is illustrated in Figure

1. Contour Crafting

Contour crafting (CC) technology has been developed at the university of Southern California, USA. This technology uses the extrusion-based technique to extrude two layers of cementitious mixture to build a vertical concrete formwork. Custom-made reinforcement ties are manually inserted between layers (at every 30 cm horizontal and 13 cm vertically) while the CC machine is constantly extruding the layers. Trowel-like Gins are attached to the print head to create smooth extruded surfaces. Once the extruded formwork is completed, concrete is then manually poured to a height of 13 cm and a second batch is poured on top of the first batch after one hour. A one hour delay batch is to control the lateral pressure of the concrete by allowing it to partially cure and harden.

Contour Crafting

The chief advantages

The superior surface finish and the greatly enhanced of fabrication. Other key advantage of CC is possibility of integration with other robotics methods for installing internal components such as pipes, electrical conductors, and reinforcement modules to enhance mechanical property. The CC technology currently produces vertical elements largely in compression. When doorway or window is required a lintel is placed to bridge the gap and the wall can be placed above. Therefore, it avoids the cantilever problem.

Drawbacks for the CC technology :

1.This technology is limited to vertical extrusion, hence yielding 2.5 D topologies (vertical extension of a planar shape),

2. The initial formwork and trowel system can be rather complex to implement for production, depending on the size and shape of the object being printed.

3.The interrupted sequential casting of concrete within the formwork due to hydrostatic pressure and weak mechanical properties of the extruded concrete may result in weakened interfacial zones between the layers.

2. Concrete Printing

Concrete Printing technology has been developed by a team at Loughborough University in the United Kingdom. This technology also uses the extrusion-based technique and to some extent is similar to the cc technology.

However, the concrete Printing technology has been developed to retain 3D freedom and has, smaller resolution of deposition, which allows for greater control of internal and external geometries In addition, the material used in Concrete Printing is a high performance fiber-reinforced fine-aggregate concrete resulting in superior material properties to those obtained in the CC technology.

Concrete printing requires additional support to create overhangs and other freeform features. It use, second material, in a similar manner to the FDM method. The disadvantage of this process is that an additional deposition device is needed for the second material resulting in more maintenance, cleaning and control instructions and the secondary structure must be cleaned away in a post processing operation.

Drawbacks of Concrete Printing Technology

 (1) The trade-off necessary for maintaining its dimensional accuracy makes the process quite slow with regards to the envisioned industrial application,

(2) Although the technology initially aimed at the veneration of 3D topologies rather than 2.5 D. the use of second material to support overhangs reduces the efficiency and flexibility of the process while increasing its material cost,

 (3) Dimensions and possibilities in terms of shape-design are limited by the dimensions of the printing frame

  3. CONPrint 3D : Concrete On-Site 3D Printing:

 Contour Crafting and Concrete Printing technologies, while demonstrating many technological advantages, are subjected inherent limitations such as the necessity of using new and advanced machinery, small mineral some aggregate sizes (fine-aggregate mortar rather than concrete), and limited size of the printed elements (i.e. the size of the 3D printer must be larger than the size of the element to be printed). To overcome these limitations, a novel approach for 3DCP technology for on-site construction, named CONPrint 3D, is currently being developed at the TU Dresden, Germany, which intends to bring 3DCP directly into the building sites. The main advantages of CONPrint 3D technology are high geometrical flexibility, usage of commonly used construction machinery and low dependency skilled labour.

CONPrint 3D : Concrete On-Site 3D Printing

Advantages Of  Concrete 3D Printing :

When compared with conventional construction processes, the application of 3D printing techniques in concrete construction offers the following advantages :

 1. Reduction of construction costs by eliminating formwork.

 2. The cost of printing construction elements of houses is much lower than traditional construction methods. also material transportation and storage on sites is limited.

 3. Reduction of on-site construction time by operating at a constant rate. Printers can operate 24×7.

 4. Reduction of injury rates by eliminating dangerous jobs (e.g working at heights), which would result in an increased level of safety in construction.

 5. Creation of high end technology based jobs.

 6. Environmental friendly construction processes and the use of raw materials with low embodied energy (i.e. construction and industrial waste).

7. Increasing sustainability in construction by reducing wastages of formwork.

8. Wet construction processes are minimized, so that building erection process generate less material wastes and dust compared to traditional methods.

 9. Minimizing the chance of errors by highly precise material deposition, increased accuracy.

10. Increasing architectural freedom, which would enable more sophisticated designs for structural and aesthetic purposes.

 11. Avoidance of waste and reduced need for materials.

12. Reduced need for heavy construction machinery.

 13. Labour force required at site is reduced.

14. 3DP allows for mass production.

Challenges (Problems) of 3D printer for Civil Structures :

1.Automateded fabrication is often not suitable for large scale products and conventional design approaches.

2. Only limited materials can be used by automated machines.

3. Expensive 3D printers tend to be unfeasible economically.

4. Using 3D printers on the construction site can cause building to be structurally weak because 3D printers print in layers. This can result in damage to buildings when they are exposed to high stress (wind, earthquake, gravitational force).

5. Using 3D printers on the construction site requires storage and transportation of concrete which is expensive.

6.3D printers require large amount of space around the construction site, which is not always possible.

 7. Use of 3D printers on the construction site will take jobs from thousands of qualified workers.

Applications of 3D printing in Construction  

 The construction industry has, to date, adopted six main applications of 3D printing as under:

1.      Buildings

So far, companies have generally limited their efforts to smaller-scale buildings, especially compact single story houses.
In 2014, the Chinese Wensum company claimed to have built 10 basic houses in less than a day with the  area of each one being 195 m2. The company used a large extrusion based 3D printer to manufacture the house components separately off-site before they were transported and assembled on site. In 2015, the company also claimed to have built a 5-story apartment building with an area of 1100 m2, being currently tallest 3D printed Structure.

      2.Bridges

3D printing can take maximum advantage of topology and of the properties of metals and concrete – deal attributes for creating pedestrian bridges and perhaps eventually traffic bridges, too.
The first full scale printed footbridge opened in 2016, in a park near Madrid. The 40 foot (12 m) embodied. structure, assembled on site from eight printed sections of reinforced concrete.

    3.Printed Moulds

 Architects and designers like to make their mark by devising urban structures of unique shape and form that will define a city space for decades. These non-standard objects tends to be very pricey and time- consuming, However, when created by traditional casting. 3D printing holds the promise of greenly reduced lead times, costs and waste.
One front nunner in this field is the FreeFAB system of Australia. They uses 3D printing to create complex molds, which can then be filled with concrete to produce the desired objects.

    4.Building components

Due to CAD and 3D printing, architects and designers can now add a personal touch to building components such as facades, joints, partition walls, and even power sockets.

    5.Architectural models

Architects can create small scale models using 3D printing. Instead of the tedious traditional process of gluing paper cutouts, studios can print accurate polymer models direct from their CAD or Revit files.
6.Interior design :
3D printing is widely used for interior and furniture design.

 Requirements of Concrete for 3D printing :

3D printing has been employed for the past 30 years and only recently, researchers have been experimenting different types of materials that suit for 3D printing. The research on material development for 3D printing has been the major challenge for the researchers involved in this specific area. The following key properties of concrete needs improvement in order to successfully 3D print concrete structures:

1.       Extrudability
2.       Flowability
3.       Buildability
4.       Contact between layers
5.       Aggregates
6.       Water cement ratio

Using of concrete for 3D printing needs special type of concrete. The concrete mix should be flowable like a paste and should harden once it has been laid. The concrete should not harden rapidly while it is being used, because it would block the nozzle and disrupt the printing process. Thus, the open time of the concrete plays a vital role in the printing process. The terms extrudability, flowability and open time are directly co-related to the consistency and setting time of concrete. For the concrete to be optimized for 3D printing conditions there are certain properties of concrete, which can be modified and can be adapted for printing.

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Dear readers, here we have share our project on the study on behaviour of mortarless interlocking concrete blocks, We hope you like it. And one request read it full its interesting.

Introduction

As the name says interlocking concrete blocks interlock with each other and construct walls without mortar. By providing this type of masonry we save the cost of mortar.

In the normal case of brick masonry or block masonry, we first lay the mortar layer then place bricks or blocks in the proper position but while in interlocking block masonry we don’t require mortar layer that will save a tremendous amount of cost.

The shape of interlocking concrete blocks

Shape & dimensions of interlocking block

As shown in the above figure block consist projected portion at the top and a slot at the bottom of the block. This slot will be the same size as the projected portion.
Block also consists of the projected portion at the front side and a slot at the backside.

Length of block = 40cm
Width of block  = 20cm
Height of block = 20cm
Top projection  = 5cm
Bottom slot        = 5cm

Mould for interlocking concrete blocks

So to construct this special type of block we require a special type of mould. After discussing with special block manufacturers we design block mould as shown below.

Mould for Interlocking block

Components of interlocking block mould

We divided interlocking concrete blocks mould into three-part, let’s discuss one by one…

1) Baseplate

The base plate is made of G.I sheet and its provided at the bottom mould. We provide the level surface of the base plate to obtain good finishing at bottom of the block.

Base plate for of Interlocking mould

2) Interlocking Frame

The interlocking frame is made of G.I sheets. It provided proper shape at the sides of the block. bolt arrangement is provided to join plates with each other.

Interlocking frame

3) Wooden frame

It made of four wooden pieces, the function of this frame is to provide a top projection shape. To maintain the proper position of the frame, steel angles are provided as shown in the figure.

Wooden frame of Interlocking mould

Photographs of manufacturing of mould

Wooden frame

Wooden frame

 

Construction of interlocking concrete block manufacturing

Firstly we arrange all part of the interlocking concrete block mould. Then we apply oil to the surface of mould to get a smooth block surface. We make concrete of 1:4:8(cement:sand: aggregate) and place it in mould in three layers. Compaction is provided will a steel rod and after the construction of mould we wait for Harding.

Tamping & placing of concrete

Mixing of concrete

Placing of concrete

We take out blocks from mould and provide curing for 7 days.

Curing of concrete

Here how our block look after construction.

 

Arrangement of interlocking block

After construction, we arrange a block as shown below figure. We have to arrange such a way that vertical joints don’t come in one line.

Arrangement of Interlocking block

Comparison between normal concrete block and interlocking block masonry

below you will see a chart comparison of interlocking concrete block masonry and normal concrete block masonry.

1)normal concrete block masonry

 

2) Interlocking concrete block masonry

Advantages of Interlocking concrete block masonry 

1) Construction time is reduced so the cost of construction also reduces.

2) It’s Mortarless so the cost of mortar reduces.

3)Due to Interlocking properties it’s easy to construct.

4) No skilled labor required for construction.

5) Speedy work

6)No curing is required at the site because they are water cured at the time of manufacturing.

7) Reference alignment not required because they are self-aligned.

8)In a temporary structure we can reuse blocks.

 

I Hope You Like Our Article “Study on Behaviour of Mortarless Interlocking block Masonry”. Don’t be Cheap To Share This Article with your Friends.

 

ALSO READ :

1)Deep Foundation | Type of Deep Foundation In Civil Engineering |
2) Innovation in Civil Engineering “solar roadway”
3)How to solve any structural beam in smartphone within 2 minute ?

 

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Fixed beam with UDL

 

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

 

Step 5

Step 6

7) After joining all nodes with members we have to provide support at each node. so to provide the type of support go to the support page and select the type of support as required.

Step 7

8) Now it’s time to apply load on the beam so go to the loading page. I have selected UDL for this beam so as a shown figure I have applied 20 Kn/m on the whole span.

Step 8

Step 9

RESULT :

1.Axial force diagram 

The axial force diagram of our beam is given below. As you can see from the below figure we cant get axial force in the beam.

Step-10(1)

2.Shear force diagram

The shear force diagram of our beam is given below.

Step 10(2)

3.Bending moment diagram

The bending moment diagram of our beam is given below.

Step 10(3)

4.Deflected shape of beam

The deflected shape of the beam is given below.

Step 10(4)

5.Slope at support in the beam

The slope diagram of the beam is given below.

Step 10(5)

Hello, guys, we are back with another article, This article is about new innovations in road transportation. Basically, we used reinforcement concrete roads and bituminous roads but nowadays there is the trend of making solar roadways.

Solar roadways are basically used to generate electricity and reduce global warming. The first implementation of this roadway is in France.

WHAT ARE THE SOLAR ROADWAYS ?

Basically, the solar roadways are the road surface which generates Electricity by using a solar photovoltaic cell. These cells are embedded below the tough glass layer.

solar roadways

NOW QUESTION ARRIVE THAT WHAT IS PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL ?

A photovoltaic cell is a cell made by joining N-TYPE and P-TYPE silicon cells.
N-TYPE silicons are that in which silicon is doped with phosphorus and in P-TYPE silicon is doped with boron.

solar photovoltaic cell for solar roadways

When these two doped silicons join with each other then it will make a junction at end of P-type and N-type silicon. This will make a permanent electric field at the joint. And when sun energy applied in form of light or heat at the junction then it will increase potential and there will be a flow of electric current this is the operation of a solar photovoltaic cell.

CONSTRUCTION COMPONENTS OF SOLAR ROADWAYS

We have classified the construction component of the solar roadways into three-part.

1)Glass layer
2) Electronic layer
3)Base Platelayer

Lets we discuss these components of solar roadways step by step.

1) Glass Layer For Solar Roadways

Glass layer for solar roadways

This is the top layer of the road. The glass is durable, fire-resisting, and sufficiency tough to carry vehicle loads.

2) Electronic layer For Solar Roadways

Electronic layer for solar roadways

This layer is provided below the glass layer. This layer consists of a solar photovoltaic cell And it transfers light energy to electric energy. It also contains a microprocessor board with support circuitry for controlling heating elements in view of reducing snow.

3)Base Plate layer For Solar Roadways

Base plate layer for solar roadways

This layer provides at bottom of the Electronic layer. This layer collects all electric energy and transmits & distributes energy to commercial use or industrial use.

CONSTRUCTION OF SOLAR ROADWAYS

construction of solar roadways

Construction of the solar roadways is difficult to compare to the normal roadway. In construction, the first base plate layer is provided with suitable wiring. Above this layer Electronic layer is provided which is generally a solar photovoltaic cell and wiring is provided to connect both layers to each other. Above these layers, a glass layer is provided which protects these layers and used for transportation.

WORKING OF SOLAR ROADWAYS

Working of solar roadways

The working of solar roadways is simple in which light of the sun falls on the road surface which is converted to electric energy by means of photovoltaic cell and distribute by base player layer.

CAN CAR’S MOVE ON SOLAR ROADWAYS ??

When we think about these solar roadways a question arises that can cars move on this roadway? If vehicles cant move then this road is useless.

The answer to the question is ‘Yes We Can’

We can drive a two-wheeler, four-wheeler, and light loaded vehicles. But it’s difficult to drive heavily loaded vehicles. So this type of roadways is used in city where heavy loaded Vehicles are not permitted.

WHY WE USE SOLAR ROADWAYS ?

There are two main reasons behind using this types of roads.

1) Global warming
2)To generate electricity

1) Global warming

Global Warming

As we know the problem of global warming is increasing day by day. So to reduce global warming we have to use fewer amount coals,  petroleum products for doing this we have to go with an electrical motor. Ultimately solar roadways will be used to supply electricity to electric motors.

Anti global warming measures

2)To generate electricity

Solar roadways are used to generate electricity which is used as a commercial or industrial.

FEATURES OF SOLAR ROADWAYS

The various type of features are

1) Illuminate Road

 Lanes of roadway contain LED light which are directly operated by electronic layer. This LED illuminates the road surface.

2)Electric Vehicles

The energy which is generated by the road surface is used for filling electricity in an electric car.

3)Snow/Ice management

The road heats themselves with their embedded heating element so its reduces snow or ice on top of the road surface.

4) Improve power lighting

ADVANTAGE OF SOLAR ROADWAYS

The various advantages of solar roadway are

1.Electricity generation
2.Eco-friendly
3.The solar road plate is completely recycled or reusable
4.Ice/snow management as shows above.
5.Reduction in the usage of nonrenewable energy.

I Hope You Like Our Article “New Innovation in Civil Engineering |Solar Roadways|” Please Don’t Be Cheap To Share This Article with your Friends.

Largest Hydroelectric Gravity Dam || The Three Gorges Dam ||

DAM SITE

DAM SITE

LOCATION OF DAM SITE

The location of this dam is given below in figures. You can also search for this dam location on google map.

LOCATION OF DAM

LOCATION OF DAM

POWER GENERATION OF DAM

1. This dam is the highest electricity generator dam in the world.
2. 22,250 MW electricity generated by the dam.
3. It has 32 main generators and 2 minor generators.
4. The turbine cost is about 50 million USD.
5. It serves electricity to 60 million Chinese peoples.

CONSTRUCTION OF DAM

ChinaThree Gorges Corporation was responsible for the construction of the Three Gorges Dam-project.

CONSTRUCTION OF DAM